"""Semidefinite programs for obtaining values of quantum hedging scenarios."""
import cvxpy
import numpy as np
from toqito.perms import permutation_operator
from toqito.channels import partial_trace
[docs]
class QuantumHedging:
r"""
Calculate optimal winning probabilities for hedging scenarios.
Calculate the maximal and minimal winning probabilities for quantum
hedging to occur in certain two-party scenarios [MW12]_, [AMR13]_.
Examples
==========
This example illustrates the initial example of perfect hedging when Alice
and Bob play two repetitions of the game where Alice prepares the maximally
entangled state:
.. math::
u = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}|00\rangle + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}|11\rangle,
and Alice applies the measurement operator defined by vector
.. math::
v = \cos(\pi/8)|00\rangle + \sin(\pi/8)|11\rangle.
As was illustrated in [MW12]_, the hedging value of the above scenario is
:math:`\cos(\pi/8)^2 \approx 0.8536`
>>> from numpy import kron, cos, sin, pi, sqrt, isclose
>>> from toqito.states import basis
>>> from toqito.nonlocal_games.quantum_hedging import QuantumHedging
>>>
>>> e_0, e_1 = basis(2, 0), basis(2, 1)
>>> e_00, e_01 = kron(e_0, e_0), kron(e_0, e_1)
>>> e_10, e_11 = kron(e_1, e_0), kron(e_1, e_1)
>>>
>>> alpha = 1 / sqrt(2)
>>> theta = pi / 8
>>> w_var = alpha * cos(theta) * e_00 + sqrt(1 - alpha ** 2) * sin(theta) * e_11
>>>
>>> l_1 = -alpha * sin(theta) * e_00 + sqrt(1 - alpha ** 2) * cos(theta) * e_11
>>> l_2 = alpha * sin(theta) * e_10
>>> l_3 = sqrt(1 - alpha ** 2) * cos(theta) * e_01
>>>
>>> q_1 = w_var * w_var.conj().T
>>> q_0 = l_1 * l_1.conj().T + l_2 * l_2.conj().T + l_3 * l_3.conj().T
>>> molina_watrous = QuantumHedging(q_0, 1)
>>>
>>> # cos(pi/8)**2 \approx 0.8536
>>> molina_watrous.max_prob_outcome_a_primal()
0.853553390038077
References
==========
.. [MW12] Molina, Abel, and Watrous, John.
"Hedging bets with correlated quantum strategies."
Proceedings of the Royal Society A:
Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
468.2145 (2012): 2614-2629.
https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.1140
.. [AMR13] Arunachalam, Srinivasan, Molina, Abel and Russo, Vincent.
"Quantum hedging in two-round prover-verifier interactions."
arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.7954 (2013).
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.7954.pdf
"""
def __init__(self, q_a: np.ndarray, num_reps: int) -> None:
"""
Initialize the variables for semidefinite program.
:param q_a: The fixed SDP variable.
:param num_reps: The number of parallel repetitions.
"""
self._q_a = q_a
self._num_reps = num_reps
self._sys = list(range(1, 2 * self._num_reps, 2))
if len(self._sys) == 1:
self._sys = self._sys[0]
self._dim = 2 * np.ones((1, 2 * self._num_reps)).astype(int).flatten()
self._dim = self._dim.tolist()
# For the dual problem, the following unitary operator is used to
# permute the subsystems of Alice and Bob which is defined by the
# action:
# π(y1 ⊗ y2 ⊗ x1 ⊗ x2) = y1 ⊗ x1 ⊗ y2 ⊗ x2
# for all y1 ∈ Y1, y2 ∈ Y2, x1 ∈ X1, x2 ∈ X2.).
l_1 = list(range(1, self._num_reps + 1))
l_2 = list(range(self._num_reps + 1, self._num_reps**2 + 1))
if self._num_reps == 1:
self._pperm = np.array([1])
else:
perm = [*sum(zip(l_1, l_2), ())]
self._pperm = permutation_operator(2, perm)
[docs]
def max_prob_outcome_a_primal(self) -> float:
r"""
Compute the maximal probability for calculating outcome "a".
The primal problem for the maximal probability of "a" is given as:
.. math::
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\text{maximize:} \quad & \langle Q_{a_1} \otimes \ldots
\otimes Q_{a_n}, X \rangle \\
\text{subject to:} \quad & \text{Tr}_{\mathcal{Y}_1 \otimes
\ldots \otimes \mathcal{Y}_n}(X) =
I_{\mathcal{X}_1 \otimes \ldots
\otimes \mathcal{X}_n},\\
& X \in \text{Pos}(\mathcal{Y}_1
\otimes \mathcal{X}_1 \otimes \ldots
\otimes \mathcal{Y}_n \otimes
\mathcal{X}_n)
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
:return: The optimal maximal probability for obtaining outcome "a".
"""
x_var = cvxpy.Variable((4**self._num_reps, 4**self._num_reps), PSD=True)
objective = cvxpy.Maximize(cvxpy.trace(self._q_a.conj().T @ x_var))
constraints = [
partial_trace(x_var, self._sys, self._dim) == np.identity(2**self._num_reps)
]
problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, constraints)
return problem.solve()
[docs]
def max_prob_outcome_a_dual(self) -> float:
r"""
Compute the maximal probability for calculating outcome "a".
The dual problem for the maximal probability of "a" is given as:
.. math::
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\text{minimize:} \quad & \text{Tr}(Y) \\
\text{subject to:} \quad & \pi \left(I_{\mathcal{Y}_1
\otimes \ldots \otimes \mathcal{Y}_n} \otimes Y \right)
\pi^* \geq Q_{a_1} \otimes \ldots \otimes Q_{a_n}, \\
& Y \in \text{Herm} \left(\mathcal{X} \otimes \ldots \otimes
\mathcal{X}_n \right)
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
:return: The optimal maximal probability for obtaining outcome "a".
"""
y_var = cvxpy.Variable((2**self._num_reps, 2**self._num_reps), hermitian=True)
objective = cvxpy.Minimize(cvxpy.trace(cvxpy.real(y_var)))
kron_var = cvxpy.kron(np.eye(2**self._num_reps), y_var)
if self._num_reps == 1:
u_var = cvxpy.multiply(cvxpy.multiply(self._pperm, kron_var), self._pperm.conj().T)
constraints = [cvxpy.real(u_var) >> self._q_a]
else:
constraints = [cvxpy.real(self._pperm @ kron_var @ self._pperm.conj().T) >> self._q_a]
problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, constraints)
return problem.solve()
[docs]
def min_prob_outcome_a_primal(self) -> float:
r"""
Compute the minimal probability for calculating outcome "a".
The primal problem for the minimal probability of "a" is given as:
.. math::
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\text{minimize:} \quad & \langle Q_{a_1} \otimes \ldots
\otimes Q_{a_n}, X \rangle \\
\text{subject to:} \quad & \text{Tr}_{\mathcal{Y}_1 \otimes
\ldots \otimes \mathcal{Y}_n}(X) =
I_{\mathcal{X}_1 \otimes \ldots
\otimes \mathcal{X}_n},\\
& X \in \text{Pos}(\mathcal{Y}_1
\otimes \mathcal{X}_1 \otimes \ldots
\otimes \mathcal{Y}_n \otimes
\mathcal{X}_n)
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
:return: The optimal minimal probability for obtaining outcome "a".
"""
x_var = cvxpy.Variable((4**self._num_reps, 4**self._num_reps), PSD=True)
objective = cvxpy.Minimize(cvxpy.trace(self._q_a.conj().T @ x_var))
constraints = [
partial_trace(x_var, self._sys, self._dim) == np.identity(2**self._num_reps)
]
problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, constraints)
return problem.solve()
[docs]
def min_prob_outcome_a_dual(self) -> float:
r"""
Compute the minimal probability for calculating outcome "a".
The dual problem for the minimal probability of "a" is given as:
.. math::
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\text{maximize:} \quad & \text{Tr}(Y) \\
\text{subject to:} \quad & \pi \left(I_{\mathcal{Y}_1
\otimes \ldots \otimes \mathcal{Y}_n} \otimes Y \right)
\pi^* \leq Q_{a_1} \otimes \ldots \otimes Q_{a_n}, \\
& Y \in \text{Herm} \left(\mathcal{X} \otimes \ldots \otimes
\mathcal{X}_n \right)
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
:return: The optimal minimal probability for obtaining outcome "a".
"""
y_var = cvxpy.Variable((2**self._num_reps, 2**self._num_reps), hermitian=True)
objective = cvxpy.Maximize(cvxpy.trace(cvxpy.real(y_var)))
kron_var = cvxpy.kron(np.eye(2**self._num_reps), y_var)
if self._num_reps == 1:
u_var = cvxpy.multiply(cvxpy.multiply(self._pperm, kron_var), self._pperm.conj().T)
constraints = [cvxpy.real(u_var) << self._q_a]
else:
constraints = [cvxpy.real(self._pperm @ kron_var @ self._pperm.conj().T) << self._q_a]
problem = cvxpy.Problem(objective, constraints)
return problem.solve()